Solar System Quiz #1

Roadrunner's Dance Quiz #1

Earth and Sun Quiz #1

Changes Caused by Weather Quiz #1

Ben Franklin Stole the Lightning Quiz #1

Stars and Constellations

• star-sphere of hot gasses gives off light and heat
• only star you can see in daytime is the sun
• sun is average size star, closest star to earth

 

• cooler stars are red or orange, hotter stars are white or blue
• sun is 5 billion years old
• light year-distance light travels in 1 year (10 trillion km)
• a star you see today may have stopped glowing many years ago, but the light is still traveling to earth
• galaxies-stars found in large groups
• our galaxy is the Milky Way

 

• many galaxies may be undiscovered
• our closest neighbor galaxy is Andromeda
• constellation-group of stars that make a pattern in the sky
• some stars and constellations only appear in the northern or southern hemisphere of earth, it depends on where you look at the constellation from on earth
• as the earth travel in it's orbit, you see different constellations
• before clocks and satellites, farmers used the stars to tell seasons
• the north star is always in the northern sky
• an observatory is a place you can go to watch and study stars
• sun is made of layers also 
• much of the suns energy is released as heat and light
• producers use the sun's energy to make food for themselves and consumers
• sun's heat makes water evaporate (turn into gas or vapor)
• sun drives winds, ocean currents, storms
• sun's light and energy can cause damage to the eyes and skin, even on cloudy days

The Solar System

• The Moon is a satellite, an object that moves in an orbit around a large object
• The Sun has many satellites
• Sun and all objects in it's orbit make up the solar system, the center is the sun

 

• Planets-round objects in space that are satellites of the sun, 8 planets, smaller and cooler than stars, reflect the light of Sun
• Planets circle the sun in an ellipse, flattened circle or oval
• Gravity-attraction between objects
• Inertia-object wants to keep moving in a straight line
• Lenses-curved pieces of glass that are used to see far away
• Telescopes-make far away objects seem closer
• NASA-National Aeronautic and Space Administration, 1960's launched rockets that took astronauts into space

 

• Probe-machine with no people that explores outer space
• Rocky Planets-mostly rock, cores of iron (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars)

 

 

• Mercury-closest to sun, very hot, little water and air, many craters, smallest rocky planet, no moon
• Venus-second closest to sun, thick CO2 atmosphere does not allow heat to escape, very hot, volcanoes, no moon
• Earth-oxygen, liquid water, atmosphere good for life, only planet with life
• Mars-most like Earth, 2 moons, thin atmosphere, inactive volcanoes, frozen ice caps at poles
• Gas giants-planets made mostly of gasses, not solid surfaces, mostly hydrogen and helium, may have rock or ice at core, have rings and many moons

 

 

• Jupiter-largest planet, 63 moons, winds in atmosphere blow in opposite directions, giant "red storm" for 300 years
• Saturn-2nd largest planet, large rings of ice and rock, 34 moons
• Uranus-rotates on it's side, 27 moons, atmosphere gasses give unusual color
• Neptune-winds of 2000km/hr, 13 moons, volcanoes
• Dwarf Planets-small, rock and ice, cross orbits of other planets, pluto
• Comet-mostly ice mixed with rocvk and dust, heats up quickly next to sun leaving a trail of gas and dust

 

• Asteroids-large chunks of rock and metal in space, most betwen Mars and Jupiter

 

• Meteoroids-Asteroids collide and break off into smaller pieces.  
• Meteor-when a meteoroid enters Earth's atmosphere
• Meteorite-meteor crashes to Earth's surface

Earth and Moon

• The moon does not make it's own light, it reflects the light of the sun
• The moon is Earth's closets neighbor
• Earth and Moon rocks are similar
• Moon has no air or atmosphere
• Moon has extreme temperatures that make it impossible to live
• There are a few tall mountains and flat plains, but mostly craters

 

• Crater-like a hole in the ground
• meteoroids are large rocks that travel through space, when they crash into a planet they can form craters
• Earth's atmosphere burns up most meteoroids before they hit Earth

 

• The Moon revolves around Earth
• Moon's orbit around Earth takes 29 days (1 month)

 

• Early calendars were based on motion of the Moon
• Apparent shapes of the Moon in the sky are called phases

 

 

• Moon has gravity that pulls on Earth, when the Earth faces the Moon, the land and water are pulled a little by the Moon's gravity
• The Moon has more pull on the Earth because it is closer than the sun
• Moon pulls on water to make tides (water rises higher or lower)
• Eclipse-shadow cast by earth or moon
• Lunar eclipse-Earth casts a shadow on the moon

 

• Solar Eclipse-Moon casts a shadow on Earth

 

• Only a lunar eclipse is safe to watch

Earth and Sun

• Earth moves around the sun
• Rotation-spinning
• axis-real or imaginary line an object spins around
• Earth completes 1 rotation every day (24 hrs)

 

• During the day Earth faces the sun (where you live)
• At night, where you live faces away from the sun
• Apparent Motion-the way something appears to move, not how it actually happens (the sun appears to rise in the East and set in the West) this is not real motion
• Stars do not move, planets and moons may appear to move differently than they actually are
• Shadow is formed when light strikes an object but does not pass through
• Shadows change with the position of the sun (shadows are shorter when the sun is high in the sky, longer when the sun is low in the sky)

 

• Revolution-object travels around another
• path a revolving object takes is an orbit
• Earth's orbit is like an ellipse (flattened circle) takes 365 days (1yr) to complete
• The tilt of the axis of Earth (23.5) does not change
• hemisphere (hemi=half, sphere=ball) 
• Seasons come from the tilt of the axis and revolution around the sun
• If sunlight hits a part of the earth more directly than other parts, it is summer
• If sunlight does not hit the earth directly, it is winter

 

• At the equator, the suns path in the sky, and temperatures change little
• At the poles, the sun's path changes greatly, as do the temperatures
• The sun changes apparent paths change in the same pattern every year, which helps scientists make predictions about the rising and setting times of the sun

Changes Caused by Weather

• A flood is when water flows onto land that is normally dry
• This can come from heavy rains or snow that melts too fast
• Floods can carry mud and sweep away anything in it's path

 

• Floods help take new soil to the land
• Many fires are caused by lightning

 

• Most places recover from natural fires
• To keep the land safe, do not play with matches or light fires in dry places
• A tornado is a strong column of spinning wind

 

• They can destroy everything in their path
•  (narrow path)
• The Great Plains in the USA are called the "Tornado Alley" because there are many many Tornadoes
• A Hurricane is a large powerful swirling storm
• They have strong winds and heavy rains
• Hurricanes form over warm oceans and cause heavy flooding and destruction

 

 

• High temperatures are causing more hurricanes
• Gravity and heavy rains can cause landslides (rocks and soil move very fast downhill)
• An avalanche is like a landslide made of snow and ice

 

My Brother Martin

• Brother Martin and Christine were born in the same room
• They lived in a house that belonged to their grandparents, the reverend (priest) and Mrs. A.D. Williams
• They lived there with them and Aunt Ida
• Grandmother always took care of the children
• She would read to them about many places around the world
• Christine and her brothers likes to play and play pranks on people
• M.L liked music and sometimes traveled with mother to play music
• They lived in Sweet Auburn, Atlanta Georgia
• There were unfair laws that kept black people from doing certain things
• The kids all played together, white and black
• One day, ML and AD go to play with their friends, but their friends say that they can't play anymore because they can't play with negroes (black people)
• Segregation was a mean rule that kept black people away from white people, it also gave black people less rights than white people.
• Daddy was a minister at a Baptist church, and he did not like segregation
• One day a shoe salesman would only serve the black people hidden away from white people, so Daddy took them somewhere else to buy shoes
• ML grows up to be Martin Luther King, a famous African American speaker. He fought for equal rights of black people and white people.

Roadrunner's Dance

• In the beginning, a snake scares a family and says that he is "king of the road" and that no one can cross without his permission
• The village elders (wise people) gather to decide what to do about the big snake, he is stopping people from visiting neighbors and going places
• Desert Woman has a solution
• She rode on a summer cloud to the snake, and placed a rattle on his tail
• This way whenever he was going to strike, everyone could hear him rattle first
• The snake became a rattlesnake and became even more mean
• Desert woman gathers clay from Sacred Mountain and made a body
• Deer brought branches for legs
• Raven gave long black feathers for a tail
• Eagle gave strong feathers
• Heron gave a long reed for a beak
• Desert woman made the new animal and called him roadrunner
• Then she breathed life into the clay
• Desert Woman told roadrunner to dance around rattlesnake and peck at his tail to teach him he is not king of the road
• Roadrunner had to practice his running and dancing tricks
• Roadrunner and rattlesnake fight, rattlesnake loses
• He is no longer king of the road
• Everyone was happy and free to come and go without fear of rattlesnake

Dear Mr. Winston

• Cara has to write an apology letter for bringing a snake into the library
• Her parents make her write the letter
• The letter needs to be genuine, meaning it needs to be honest and meaningful
• Cara brought the snake into the library in a cardboard box
• She was trying to find out what kind of snake it was by looking for pictures in the library
• She wanted to use the big green reference book that could not leave the library
• Cara sends flowers to the librarian who got taken away in the ambulance
• She apologizes many times
• She bought the snake with one month's allowance (saved money)
• The librarian wanted to see what was in the box
• Cara does not think it was poisonous
• The librarian opened the box, saw the snake, screamed, and fainted.  When he fainted his whole body went into a rash, and the snake slithered over and touched him

 

Benjamin Franklin Stole the Lightning

• Ben Franklin was good at many things, like writing funny stories, arguing, swimming, music, drawing cartoons, and traveling
• he was also a soldier and politician (government)
• he helped to write the Declaration of Independence
• he helped start a hospital, a school,. and a fire department
• he liked to make inventions the best (helpful ideas that no one had thought of before)
• he used a kite to pull him in the water to help him swim faster
• he thought of daylight savings time,  and special glasses to help people see better (to see up close and far away)

• he invented a special chair to help him collect library books
• he invented a special musical instrument that played music very beautifully
• he said "an apple a day keeps the doctor away"
• he had many ideas how to help keep people healthy, like eating fruits and vegetables and exercising
• he discovered the gulf stream, a stream of warm water in the ocean that helped people sail faster over the ocean

 

• many people were doing crazy tricks with electricity
• Ben decided to try to steal lightning from the sky because he thought it was electricity
• he put a key on a string attached to a silk kite and flew it up into a storm
• lightning hit the kite and BAM!!  it shocked the key and sparks flew everywhere

 

• Ben decided to make his most famous invention, the lightning rod
• he put a rod of iron on top of houses with a wire to the ground
• now the lightning would strike the rod instead of the house and travel safely to the ground

 

• Ben also helped America become a free country by asking France to help defeat the British

 

Weathering and Erosion

• weathering-slow process that breaks down rock into smaller pieces (water, rain, wind)
• physical weathering-rocks change size and shape, but not type or rock (chemical makeup)
• flowing water makes rocks smooth

 

• freezing and melting water can split rocks apart
• plant roots can break rock

 

• chemical weathering-changes what rocks are made of (oxygen, CO2, acid)
• lichens (like mosses) can soften rocks
• transport (moving) or weathered rock is erosion
• flowing water, rainwater, waves, wind, gravity all cause erosion (carry rock to a new place)
• deposition-dropping off of weathered rock in a new place
• glaciers-large masses of ice and snow

 

• bottom of glacier freezes to rocks, tears them apart as it moves (can make valleys and scratches in rocks)
• glaciers leave debris (leftover rocks) can be large or small
• the glacier leaves most rocks at the end of it's downhill, or terminus
• a mix of glacial debris (rocks, pebbles, gravel, sand, clay) is called glacial till
• glaciers form hills called moraines
• people can change the land by mining (taking minerals or resources out of the land)

 

• landfill-place where people pile trash
• people cut down forests to make lumber (build homes and furniture) and paper

Reading and LA Review for Midterm

Animal Adaptations Quiz #2

My Diary From Here to There Quiz #2

Stealing Beauty Quiz #1

Stealing Beauty

• Xiaoli is a poor village in China.
• Most of the people in the village are farmers.
• It has become hard to make money at farming, so the farmers became tomb raiders.
• Tomb raiders steal beautiful and valuable artwork from tombs beneath the ground.
• Looting-stealing things of value to sell for money.
• Little Su, a doctor, paid for his education by looting.
• Thieves have broken in to 220,000 tombs in China.
• Looting is a major problem in other countries as well, like India and Cambodia.
• Many art pieces are sent to collectors in Europe and the USA.
• Many people believe that stealing art is like stealing a country's beauty and history.
• Interpol-an international police agency that helps prevent the buying and selling of illegal art.

Animal Adaptations Quiz #1

My Diary From Here to There Quiz #1

Mighty Jackie Quiz #1

Relationships in Ecosystems Quiz #1

My Diary From Here to There

•  overhead, opportunities, border, unions, strikes, citizen, boycotts
• Amanda overhears Mama and Papa talking about leaving their home in Mexico to move to California
• Papa lost his job and there is no work
• the boys are excited as there is all kinds of toys in the stores, escalators to ride, and popcorn to eat
• Amanda can't imagine leaving
• they decide to go to their grandparents house in Mexicali, right across the border from the USA
• Amanda is worried that she won't be able to speak Spanish and that she can't learn English
• She is also worried she won't come back or see her best friend Michi again
• Papa was born in the USA, so he is a US citizen
• he tells Amanda that she is stronger than she thinks
• Amanda takes a heart shaped rock to remember the times that she had in the park with her friend Michi
• Amanda's whole family welcomes them to grandmas house
• Papa has been picking grapes and strawberries to make money.  He writes in a letter that there are unions, strikes, and boycotts going on to make things better for workers
• Nana gives her a new journal to write in and tells her to always remember where she comes from, and to keep the culture of Mexico alive in her heart
• Crossing the border into Tijuana was crazy, people were pushing and fighting to be first
• their new house in the USA has airplanes overhead and trains running by
• everyday she thinks about home and holds her special rock
• Amanda says that just because she is far away from home doesn't mean that she will forget.  Home is always with her, in her rock, diary, and heart.

 

Animal Adaptations

•  adaptation, hibernate, camouflage, mimicry
• Adaptations are traits of behaviors that help living things survive or continue to live
• adaptations help animals move, get food, and protect themselves
• a sandgrouse is a desert bird whose feathers soak up water
• a fennec fox has large ears that help it cool off, and it's fur is very thin
• camels can close their nostrils to keep out sand.
• they store far in humps and wide hooves help them walk on the sand
• hibernate-to live off of it's own bodyfat and use very little energy
• migrate- to change location as needed
• camouflage-to blend in with the environment
• arctic fox and arctic hare change color with the seasons
• mimicry-when one kind of thing looks like another 
• the honeybee has a dangerous stinger, while a hoover fly does not; the hoover fly looks like the honeybee to avoid predators
• some snakes and lizards have poison in their jaws, hedgehogs are covered with spines, these help protect them or help them kill food
• fleas make their home in animals fur, while the mammal gives the flea a home and food, the flea hurts the mammal by making its skin red and itchy
• some fish eat the algae off of sea turtles, this is helpful as the sea turtle gets a clean shell and the fish get food
• certain birds clean the leeches off of crocodiles teeth, the bird gets food and the crocodile gets clean gums!

Relationships in Ecosystems

• Producers are organisms that make their own food using sunlight energy
• these include green plants on land, and algae in the ocean, lakes and ponds
• consumers are organisms that cannot make their own food
• herbivores eat only plants, or producers (plant eaters)
• omnivores eat producers and consumers (bears, raccoons, opossums) (plant and meat eaters)
• carnivores eat herbivores and omnivores (cats, tigers, lions, sharks) (meat eaters)
• decomposers break down dead decaying matter into wastes (worms, bacteria, fungi)
• they return substances to the ecosystem as nutrients
• they are called "recyclers"
• energy in an ecosystem comes from the sun
• food chain-energy passes from on organism to another (one animal eats another for food)
• energy in a good chain moves from producers to consumers to decomposers
• food web- shows how all food chains in an ecosystem are connected
• predator-carnivore that hunts for food (eats other animals)
• prey-animal that is hunted for food (gets eaten)
• competition-struggle between organisms for food, water
• small plants and flowers compete with larger trees for sunlight, water, and nutrients
• earth is one giant food web

 

 

 

 

 

Food Chain Game 

Food Chain Game 2 

Mighty Jackie

• The setting: Chatanooga Tennesee, 1931, USA.
• The baseball game is the NY Yankees against the Chatanooga Lookouts.
• Jackie Mitchell was a girl on the Chatanooga team.
• She was 17 years old.
• girls did not play major league baseball
• the newspaper said that she would "swing a mean lipstick" instead of a bat, and that she was no better than a "trained seal" behind the plate
• Jackie was a pitcher (throws the ball)
• Jackie played ball with her father since she was young
• throwing balls like a girl was an insult
• when she was eight, Dazzy Vance from the Brooklyn Dodgers taught her how to pitch
• when she was pitching at the game, the crowd was waiting for her to make a mistake
• Jackie strikes out Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig, two of the best baseball players
• Babe Ruth says he'll never play with a woman again
• the crowd cheers for Jackie

Questions for Biomes due Friday 10/28

1. What biome has trees that lose it's leaves each year?
2. What does the word "taiga" mean?
3. What language does "taiga" come from?
4. In the _______________ the ground is frozen all year.
5. A ___________ has extreme temperatures.
6. A __________________ has burnt grass, which makes the soil good for farming.
7. A ________________ has it's own kind of ________________, __________________, and ________________.
8. A ________________ also has it's own ___________________ and patterns of _______________.
9. A _________ __________________ is hot and humid with tall leafy trees.
10. A __________________ is a mild climate ____________________.

Questions for the Raft due Teusday 10/25

1. What did the otters play for Nicky?
2. Nicky liked to ____________ the animals he saw.
3. What did Nicky see in the moonlight while sleeping on the raft?
4. What does Grandma mean when she says "What a herd of wild animals we were!"?
5. What kind of animal is Grandma working on carving out of wood?

Biomes

• A biome has it's own kinds of plants, animals, and soil.  It also has it's own patterns of temperature and rainfall.
• Grassland-main plants are grass, not much rainfall.

 

• Prairie-mild climate grassland. Sun burns grass in the summer which makes rich soil good for farming.

 

• Savanna-grassland with shrubs and few trees, warm all year, less fertile soil.

 

• Deciduous forests-trees lose leaves each year. Cold winters, warm summers, trees broad leaves keep sunlight from reaching ground.  Ground is covered with leaves that decay to make the soil rich, covered with flowers and ferns.

 

• Tropical Rain Forest- hot humid, much rain, tall leafy trees.

 

• Parts of a Forest-

1. Canopy-tops of trees spread over the forest like an umbrella, receive most light
2. understory-dense layers of damp leaves
3. floor- too dark for many plants to grow

• Desert-sandy or rocky, little rain, extreme temperatures

 

• Taiga-Russian word for "forest", cool forests in upper regions of the north, lakes and ponds, formed by glaciers, conifers grow here, winters long and cold, animals have thick fur to protect them from cold, melting snow provides water for animals.

 

• Tundra-cold dry, no trees, ground frozen all year, little rain, long icy winters, summers short and cool, plants grow close to the ground and use shallow roots to get water, animals have extra layers of fat to stay warm, some birds fly south to find warm weather in winter.

 

• Freshwater Ecosystem-streams and rivers have flowing water.  Lakes and ponds have still water which makes it easier for algae and plants to grow.
• Wetland-ecosystem where roots of plants grow below water.
• Estuary-ecosystem where ocean and freshwater meet
• Algae can grow in the ocean on the surface where there is plenty of sunlight to grow.